Global Warming Status in the African Continent: Sources, Challenges, Policies, and Future Direction

Abstract Africa is the second largest continent after Asia, having a larger than 30 million km 2 area. Doubtlessly, one of biggest ecological and societal problems twenty-first century climate change. Since early 1970s, it has been clear that already experiencing effects change, given rise to wide range new unusual phenomena, such as rising temperatures, poor agricultural output, extreme different weather scenarios, spread disease, among other things. Therefore, current review aims at screening impact change on sector, human health food security in compared continents, evaluating projections future highlighting role African leaders mitigating adapting these effects. Artificial intelligence, remote sensing, high-tech algorithms were applied analyze Historical data downloaded near real-time from January 2009 present FAO Water Productivity Open-access portal WaPOR Terra Climate datasets Earth Engine platform. Assessment process was performed using Google Engine, whereas WorldClim 2.1. We used 2021–2040 timelines two scenarios: SSP245 SSP585. For SSP timeline, we four versions, based global circulation models (GCMs): IPSL-CM6A-LR (France), MRI-ESM2-0 (Japan), CanESM5 (Canadian), BCC-CSM2-MR (China), reflect uncertainty GCMs. averaged projection each variable across GCMs decrease connected with particular GCM. presented results maps. Annual precipitation totals significantly above average Central East Africa, while under 245 scenario, Madagascar would experience high rainfall. The highest temperature anomalies seen parts Greater Horn western equatorial regions, north-western part continent. Minimum Maximum predictions showed harsh temperatures previously recorded historical years. A maximum predicted sub-Sahara South Somalia, 585. MCD64A1 dataset tagged classify forest fire risk Africa. Analysis revealed Savannah tropical subtropical Further, changes rainfall increased leading evaporation directly reduce runoff levels recharge groundwater which turn will have negative biodiversity, agriculture, security. Notably, played positive recent negotiations bright initiatives emerged. Hopefully they solve crisis